Abstract
This chapter proposes a use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain a visual stress biomarker in processing pathways. This hypothesized biomarker would use the eye to indicate the relationship between internal adaptation (influenced by conscious and non-conscious filtering and decision-making networks) and external environmental changes. Embracing a viewpoint of brain circuitry and metabolism could shift optometry toward a profession of selective neurological and biochemical pathway stimulation. Using the eye as a portal to the nervous system, measurements of internal reactions and responses to external changes can be made, in hopes of providing a useful visual stress biomarker for future disease research and eventual interventions for preventive healthcare.
Authors: Deborah ZelinskyAI Summary
The paper explores the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to analyze three concurrent processing pathways in the brain, particularly through the eye. It proposes that visual stress biomarkers can be used to assess neurological and biochemical activity, helping detect dysfunctions in brain circuits before structural damage occurs.
Who is this for?
This study highlights that vision goes beyond clarity—it’s a key player in brain processing. Neuro-optometric rehabilitation can help those with lingering neurological and sensory issues, especially post-brain injury. It’s valuable for neuroscientists, neuro-optometrists, and medical professionals studying brain function, sensory processing, and fMRI applications. Clinicians treating concussions, migraines, and cognitive disorders can benefit, as can imaging specialists developing new diagnostic methods. Researchers exploring biomarkers for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and epilepsy will find insights, along with students and academics in neuroscience and vision science. The study reinforces vision’s role in neurological health and the potential for innovative therapies.
Key Points
The Eye as a Neurological Biomarker
The eye interacts with multiple systems and provides key indicators of brain function.
Pupil response, corneal tear osmolarity, and rapid eye movement patterns can signal neurological dysfunction.
Three Concurrent Brain Pathways
The brain operates via three movement pathways:
Reflexive (unconscious movements) – controlled by the brainstem.
Developed (habitual movements) – guided by learned behavior and midbrain structures.
Intentional (conscious movements) – processed in the prefrontal cortex.
These pathways function simultaneously and can be analyzed using fMRI.
fMRI and Brain Activity Analysis
Brain activity is divided into subcortical functions (survival-based, reflexive) and cortical processing (higher cognitive tasks).
fMRI, combined with EEG or optogenetics, provides both spatial and temporal insights into brain function.
The Role of the Eye in Brain Function
The retina is a dynamic processing center, constantly interacting with the brain.
Retinal stimulation through lenses, prisms, and filters can influence sensory and motor networks.
The visual system processes "Where am I?", "Where is it?", and "What is it?" signals via distinct neural pathways.
Applications for Neurological Disorders
Analyzing eye movements and retinal responses via fMRI can help detect and monitor:
Alzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease
Epilepsy
By altering visual input, optometric tools (lenses, prisms, and filters) can influence brain function and potentially aid rehabilitation.
Proposed Visual Stress Test for fMRI
A visual stress biomarker could identify dysfunction in brain networks.
fMRI analysis of retinal input might predict neurological conditions before cognitive symptoms appear.
Conclusion: The study highlights the interconnected nature of vision, brain function, and neurological processing. By leveraging fMRI and visual interventions, researchers and clinicians may be able to detect and influence brain function non-invasively. This research supports the growing role of neuro-optometry in diagnosing and treating brain disorders.
Real Patient Application
A single pair of Mind-Eye glasses have not only relieved the symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that plagued Chicago resident and artist Mary Apikos for more than seven years, “the glasses have given me an unexpected gift – a sense of depth perception and visual perspective I never had before, even prior to my accident.” And, today, she is using this “gift” to draw human figures in exacting detail.
Interested in learning more?
At the Mind-Eye Institute we understand that interactions between the electrical and biochemical pathways in the brain affect physical, physiological and psychological systems. Visual interventions that alter retinal signaling pathways impact both the electrical and biochemical systems.
To learn about next steps for registering as a patient or registering a child as a patient, please call the Mind-Eye Institute office at 847.558.7817 or you can fill out our online New Patient Inquiry Form provided here.
